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#NEUROSCIENCE AROUSAL PROJECTIONS A variety of neurochemical systems promote arousal via projections to the forebrain. Cortical and subcortical regions are excited by monoaminergic neurotransmitters including - norepinephrine (NE) from the locus coeruleus (LC), - serotonin (5-HT) from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, - histamine (HA) from the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN); - dopamine (DA) from the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and ventral periaqueductal gray (SN/VTA/vPAG). Neurons of the basal forebrain (BF) promote cortical activation using acetylcholine (ACh) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT/PPT) release ACh to excite neurons in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem.