This paper examines the role of natural resources in fostering resilient and inclusive rural transformation. It reviews land and water availability for agriculture, highlighting the reliance of poor and vulnerable rural communities on these resources. As land degradation, climate change, and competition intensify, current agricultural models face limits in supporting inclusive development. The paper proposes four complementary pathways for improved natural resource management: enhancing resource use efficiency, promoting diversification, developing a sustainable bioeconomy, and applying integrated landscape approaches.